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Despite near collapse at each of the last four annual conferences of the UN Framework Convention on (), the international negotiations always pull back from the brink. Why? Because no country is willing to abandon the goal of an international regime which will effectively combat dangerous . So the search for an international agreement continues.

The negotiations tackle four principal issues: legal form, ambition, assistance to developing countries, and rules and institutions.

On legal form,BBC Burmese - - , the 2011 conference , subsequently cemented at the 2012 conference in Doha. It was agreed to begin a new round of negotiations towards a new "protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force", to be concluded by 2015 and to take effect after 2020. At the same time the , thought by some to be on the verge of collapse, was kept alive until at least 2020. This was remarkable because the goal of a new internationally legally binding agreement had been specifically rejected at the 2009 conference in Copenhagen, in an effective deal between the US and the "Basic" group of emerging economies (China,chanel sito ufficiale, India, Brazil and South Africa). This goal has not only now been accepted but explicitly made "applicable to all countries", which is widely understood to mean that developing as well as developed countries should in future take on binding commitments. This overcomes the principal objection which the US always had to the Kyoto protocol C that it didn't apply to the major emerging countries such as China. There remains huge contention over the precise nature of 'an agreed outcome with legal force',Rachel Dixon includ, but the 2015 conference (likely to take place in Paris) is now the key negotiating deadline.

The most important element of those negotiations will be on ambition C the goals the international community sets to reduce emissions. At present the sum of country commitments falls far short of the UN's own agreed goal to limit global warming to a maximum of 2C above pre-industrial times. At the 2011 conference it was agreed that this 'emissions gap' must be closed but in present economic circumstances few nations look willing to make stronger commitments, at least before 2020. Much will depend on whether countries' experience of implementing low-carbon measures gives them greater confidence in the possibility of further reductions in the future. The problem of equity remains a major obstacle: developing countries ask why they should do more if the richest countries C particularly the US C do not do enough. It remains to be seen whether sufficient pressure can be applied by the poorest and most climate-vulnerable countries,burberry sito ufficiale, and by domestic and international civil society, to change the major emitting countries' commitments.

On financial assistance to developing countries, both for to the effects of climate change, and to help them mitigate their emissions, negotiations have effectively stalled. In Copenhagen developed countries committed to providing $100bn by 2020. But there is dispute over how much of this must be public finance and how much can be private; and whether the public money will be 'additional' to existing aid commitments. Moreover few developed countries have yet said what they will provide in the much shorter term of 2013. In the present economic climate the likelihood is that assistance levels will fall, which will increase anger among developing countries and induce further accusations of broken pledges.

On technology,coach, the goal of developing countries has long been the free or cut-price transfer of low-carbon technologies from developed countries,ghd sale, including the intellectual property rights which would allow domestic manufacture. But this has always been rejected by developed countries, concerned to protect their trading advantages. Negotiations are now focused on more limited goals of co-operation on technology development and deployment.

Negotiations also continue on a number of new institutions and rules, most of which were agreed in outline at the 2010 conference in Cancun but which still require more detailed design. The most important of these include the governance and operation of the Green Climate Fund, which will provide a channel for financial assistance to developing countries; the rules on how emissions from land use change and forestry should be counted; and new mechanisms to support adaptation and to prevent the loss and degradation of .

Perhaps the most intriguing feature of the negotiations is the shifting alliances and positions of different countries. Traditionally, negotiations were conducted with developed ('Annex 1') and developing countries ('Non-Annex 1') on opposing sides. At Copenhagen and Cancun a fissure opened up among developing countries, with the emergence of the Basic grouping and increasingly open divergence of interest between them and the poorest and most vulnerable nations. At the Durban conference, the final outcome owed much to a new coalition between the EU,coach outlet, the least developed countries and the Alliance of Small Island States, and a new grouping of Latin American and Caribbean countries with strong commitments to climate action. Its success caused further rifts within the Basic group, with India attempting to hold out against the legal goal but in the end not being supported by China,cheap ghd, Brazil or South Africa. As negotiations start in earnest at the December 2013 conference in Poland, much will depend on how these shifting alliances develop over the next few years. With civil society now gearing up for a major new campaigning push, it is possible that Paris in 2015 could achieve what Copenhagen in 2009 could not.

,hogan outlet? This article was written by Michael Jacobs of the at LSE in collaboration with the Guardian

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Behold, the only woman judged to have made an "indisputable contribution to their particular field of work" on British currency. Yes, the Queen, whose image is printed on all banknotes by dint of her birth,cheap ghd straighteners, is soon to be the only woman lauded in this way as a result of the Bank of England's plans to replace social reformer Elizabeth Fry with Winston Churchill on the ?5 note.

The wartime leader will become only the to appear on banknotes since the bank started using them to glorify eminent Britons in 1970. Out of the 15 so far, just two have been women: Fry and Florence Nightingale.

last week, outgoing Bank governor Sir Mervyn King said: "The Bank of England has, through its banknotes, a unique and rare opportunity to promote awareness of our nation's history and acknowledge the life and work of great Britons."

His final banknote decision would add Churchill to a list of such well-known figures as Sir John Houblon (the first governor of the Bank of England, but you knew that), economist Adam Smith and industrial revolutionaries Matthew Boulton and James Watt. Only Charles Darwin and Fry (on the ?10 and ?5 respectively) are lauded for achievements that do not involve money.

Are we that unsubtle as a nation that we think we should only promote awareness of our nation's financial dealings with money on our currency,ray ban pas cher? And can the great and the good of the Bank of England seriously think of no women who played a role in British history and improved the lot of their fellow men and women?

Furore over the decision has been brilliantly gathered together by The Women's Room UK, the online campaign group that launched ,cheap ghd, which had gathered 7,000 signatories as I write. As founder Caroline Criado Perez said when she launched the appeal: "These notes will change hands every hour,Finland and the Net, every minute, every second. And every time they do, the message will drive a little deeper home: women do not belong in public life C they never have,feedback and (const,chanel borse, and they never will."

The Bank of England spokeswoman emailed to reiterate the fact out that the proposed Churchill notes would not be introduced until 2016, and that a final decision had not yet been made. It takes into consideration the list of public suggestions,Do say Pick a card,ghd, however,ghd straighteners, which is .

Here's the full statement:

"The Bank has celebrated the lives of eminent British personalities on the back of its notes since 1970. It is usual practice to consider a number of candidates all of whom have been selected because of their indisputable contribution to their particular field of work, recognised with the benefit of lengthy historical perspective,hogan outlet, and about whom there exists sufficient material on which to base a banknote design. The final decision is made by the Governor but the public are able to suggest names; a list of these is kept on our website."

There are very few female names on that list,coach factory, so we thought we would hold an online poll of Guardian readers to suggest an alternative to Churchill. In my opinion, these women all merit inclusion for, in the governor's words, having "made a lasting contribution, which is universally recognised and has had enduring benefits". It isn't meant to be definitive,coach outlet, so do please add more suggestions below. Also, any suggestions as to which famous face should be turfed off to make room?

is to make his directorial debut with the dark modern fairytale How to Catch a Monster,broadcast extension, starring in the lead role, .

The Oscar nominee will reunite with his Drive co-star for the fantasy film,ghd straighteners, about a mother of two, Billy,burberry outlet,but that he has so, whose son Bones discovers a secret road leading to an underwater town. Set against the dreamscape of a vanishing city,coach outlet online, it sees the family plunged into a macabre underworld. "Both Billy and Bones must dive deep into the mystery,cheap ghd straighteners, if their family is to survive," according to Deadline. Gosling has also written the screenplay,ray ban, described as a "beautifully haunting script" by producer Marc Platt.

The film, which will be touted to investors at the forthcoming Toronto film festival,lunette ray ban pas cher, is scheduled to begin shooting in spring 2013. "I am very appreciative to Marc Platt,BBC NEWS Business Market Data Stock Markets Lo, Adam Siegel and Bold Films for being so supportive and I look forward to making this film with all of them,polo ralph lauren," said Gosling,burberry borsa, who was Oscar nominated for 2006's Half Nelson.

Gosling, Hendricks,coach outlet, Platt and Siegel all worked together on Drive, the gangster thriller from Danish director Nicholas Winding Refn that was one of last year's best-received films. How to Catch a Monster marks a rare lead film role for Hendricks,hogan uomo, who is best known for her turn as Joan Harris in the TV series Mad Men.